In the old times (when men were real men), people used to manage their domains with their own domain name server. There is now a long time since things got easy and sweet. Nowadays you usually rely on the services provided by your ISP for managing your domain, which often means that you do everything from a nice web interfaces.
However there are people (like me) that prefer to do things the old and sweaty way, which means that you install and manage your own name server. I will describe here how I did it for myself. Actually it is not so difficult, if you know some concepts about how DNS works and you have some basic command-line skills.
1 The Concepts
I have installed my NS on a cloud server (provided by Rackspace). It is a hidden master, authoritative only DNS server.
Hidden means that it stays behind a firewall, not accessible from the outside world. Master or primary means that it is a primary source of information for the domains that it provides. There are also slave/secondary DNS servers, which get the information of the domains that they cover from other (master/primary) servers. If we update the domain on a master server, the slaves will synchronise with it automatically after a certain time.
Authoritative only means that the server will just give answers for the domains that it masters, and nothing else. DNS servers can possibly do several things, for example give answers to DNS requests from clients, both for the domains that they are responsible for and for other domains. If they don't know the answer, they get it from the Internet, fetch it to the client and then cache it for future requests. However this server does not do any of these things. It just answers for its own domains.
But there is a catch here: if the server stays behind the firewall, hidden from the world and does not accept any requests from clients, where should the clients send queries about our domain? The answer is that they will query some slave/secondary DNS servers which are synchronised with our server. Fortunately there are lots of free secondary DNS services out there. I use puck.nether.net and buddyns.com .
To get a better idea of the concepts discussed here, look at:
Hidden means that it stays behind a firewall, not accessible from the outside world. Master or primary means that it is a primary source of information for the domains that it provides. There are also slave/secondary DNS servers, which get the information of the domains that they cover from other (master/primary) servers. If we update the domain on a master server, the slaves will synchronise with it automatically after a certain time.
Authoritative only means that the server will just give answers for the domains that it masters, and nothing else. DNS servers can possibly do several things, for example give answers to DNS requests from clients, both for the domains that they are responsible for and for other domains. If they don't know the answer, they get it from the Internet, fetch it to the client and then cache it for future requests. However this server does not do any of these things. It just answers for its own domains.
But there is a catch here: if the server stays behind the firewall, hidden from the world and does not accept any requests from clients, where should the clients send queries about our domain? The answer is that they will query some slave/secondary DNS servers which are synchronised with our server. Fortunately there are lots of free secondary DNS services out there. I use puck.nether.net and buddyns.com .
To get a better idea of the concepts discussed here, look at:
2 Installation
Install bind9:
apt-get install bind9After installation, edit
/etc/default/bind9 and add a -4 to the options:# run resolvconf? RESOLVCONF=no # startup options for the server OPTIONS="-u bind -4"This will tell bind9 to run only on IPv4 interfaces (ignoring IPv6). Not necessary, but will prevent some error messages on syslog that might be confusing.
3 Setup Secondary Servers
Register your domain(s) on two or more secondary servers:
- https://www.buddyns.com
- https://puck.nether.net/
- http://networking.ringofsaturn.com/Unix/freednsservers.php
ufw allow from 173.244.206.26 to any port 53 ufw allow from 88.198.106.11 to any port 53 ufw allow from 204.42.254.5 to any port 53
4 Configuration Of The DNS Server
Configuration files of bind9 are located at
/etc/bind/.- Edit the file
/etc/bind/named.confand comment the line of default-zones:include "/etc/bind/named.conf.options"; include "/etc/bind/named.conf.local"; #include "/etc/bind/named.conf.default-zones";
- Edit
/etc/bind/named.conf.options:options { directory "/var/cache/bind"; recursion no; allow-transfer { 173.244.206.26; # a.transfer.buddyns.com 88.198.106.11; # b.transfer.buddyns.com 204.42.254.5; # puck.nether.net }; };Only the IPs of the secondary servers are allowed to get and synchronise the information of our domains. The directive "recursion no;" tells the server to not reply for any other domains except for its own. Actually it is behind a firewall and should not get any DNS queries, but just in case. - Edit
/etc/bind/named.conf.localand add the configuration of the zones:zone "l10n.org.al" { type master; also-notify { 173.244.206.26; # a.transfer.buddyns.com 88.198.106.11; # b.transfer.buddyns.com 204.42.254.5; # puck.nether.net }; file "/var/cache/bind/db.l10n.org.al"; }; zone "btranslator.org" { type master; also-notify { 173.244.206.26; # a.transfer.buddyns.com 88.198.106.11; # b.transfer.buddyns.com 204.42.254.5; # puck.nether.net }; file "/var/cache/bind/db.btranslator.org"; };Our server is master for both of these domains, and when they are modified it will notify the secondary servers about it (so that they can transfer and sync the data).
5 Configuration Of The Domains
The files that keep the configuration of the domain zones are placed on
/var/cache/bind/.- Create the file
/var/cache/bind/db.l10n.org.alwith a content like this:; l10n.org.al $TTL 24h $ORIGIN l10n.org.al. @ 1D IN SOA ns1.l10n.org.al. admin.l10n.org.al. ( 2013070101 ; serial 3H ; refresh 15m ; retry 1w ; expire 2h ; minimum ) IN NS b.ns.buddyns.com. IN NS c.ns.buddyns.com. IN NS puck.nether.net. IN MX 1 aspmx.l.google.com. IN MX 5 alt1.aspmx.l.google.com. IN MX 5 alt2.aspmx.l.google.com. IN MX 10 aspmx2.googlemail.com. IN MX 10 aspmx3.googlemail.com. IN TXT "v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ~all" google._domainkey IN TXT "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=MIGfMA0GCSxGSIb3DQEBAQUBA4GNADCBiQ5BgQCWKzwJ1kui8IVQmTbphXvkETTJWbqOyDqbkppfBrcos1+gIixvM-MYSVUrawpzyaaxEPg3IT/Wq8MF3S58/cUtwv3Idv6IkQxIU6ub8/uEq900ILD9EuQX32jUk+pfpJtDoeA0vm1vhv1taIGr4W5ds2HXyQXX1qKcyShRAC2O/wIDAQAB" ; server host definitions ns1.l10n.org.al. IN A 198.101.226.171 @ IN A 198.101.226.171 www IN A 198.101.226.171 mail IN CNAME ghs.google.com.Don't forget to change the serial number whenever this file is modified, otherwise the changes may not be noticed and propagated on the Internet. The other 'magic' numbers can be left as they are.
You also see that only the secondary servers are listed as nameservers for our domain. So, when clients have any questions about our domain, they go and ask them, not our server (which is behind a firewall and cannot be reached).
IN NS b.ns.buddyns.com. IN NS c.ns.buddyns.com. IN NS puck.nether.net.
Also, it happens that I use GoogleApps for the email and other services (it offers up to 10 email accounts for free), and this is reflected on the configuration of the domain. - Very similar is the configuration of the other domain. Create the file
/var/cache/bind/db.btranslator.orgwith a content like this:; btranslator.org $TTL 24h $ORIGIN btranslator.org. @ 1D IN SOA ns1.btranslator.org. admin.btranslator.org. ( 2013070101 ; serial 3H ; refresh 15m ; retry 1w ; expire 2h ; minimum ) IN NS b.ns.buddyns.com. IN NS c.ns.buddyns.com. IN NS puck.nether.net. IN MX 1 aspmx.l.google.com. IN MX 5 alt1.aspmx.l.google.com. IN MX 5 alt2.aspmx.l.google.com. IN MX 10 aspmx2.googlemail.com. IN MX 10 aspmx3.googlemail.com. IN TXT "v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ~all" google._domainkey IN TXT "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=MIGfMA0GCSxGSIb3DQEBAQUBA4GNADCBiQ5BgQCWKzwJ1kui8IVQmTbphXvkETTJWbqOyDqbkppfBrcos1+gIixvM-MYSVUrawpzyaaxEPg3IT/Wq8MF3S58/cUtwv3Idv6IkQxIU6ub8/uEq900ILD9EuQX32jUk+pfpJtDoeA0vm1vhv1taIGr4W5ds2HXyQXX1qKcyShRAC2O/wIDAQAB" ; server host definitions ns1.l10n.org.al. IN A 198.101.226.171 @ IN A 198.101.226.171 ; point to the server any subdomain * IN A 198.101.226.171 mail IN CNAME ghs.google.com.
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